Communication Studies 394-0: Undergraduate Research
Seminar
Section 20: Persuasion in Health Contexts
Fall 2009
READINGS FOR 7 OCTOBER
OUTLINE
3. Some health-focused models of behavior
3.1 Stage models of behavioral change
3.1.1 The transtheoretical model (“stages of change”)
3.1.2 Alternatives, issues, reviews, commentaries
3.2 Protection motivation theory (PMT) and the extended parallel process model (EPPM)
3.2.1 Protection motivation theory (PMT)
3.2.1.1 PMT background
3.2.1.2 PMT applications
3.2.2 Extended parallel process model (EPPM)
3.2.3 Content analyses based on PMT, EPPM, and related ideas
3.1 Stage models of behavioral change
3.1.1 The transtheoretical model (“stages of change”)
Prochaska, J. O., Redding, C. A., & Evers, K. E. (2002). The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & F. M. Lewis (eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 99-120). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. [available here]
Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., Rossi, J. S., Goldstein, M. G., Marcus, B. H., Rakowski, W., Fiore, C., Harlow, L. L., Redding, C. A., Rosenbloom, D., & Rossi, S. R. (1994). Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 39-46.
Quinlan, K. B., & McCaul, K. D. (2000). Matched and mismatched interventions with young adult smokers: Testing a stage theory. Health Psychology, 19, 165-171.
For further reading:
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1984). The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Prochaska, J. O. (1994). Strong and weak principles for progressing from precontemplation to action on the basis of twelve problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 47-51.
Slater, M. D. (1999). Integrating application of media effects, persuasion, and behavior change theories to communication campaigns: A stages-of-change framework. Health Communication, 11, 335-354.
Oldenburg, B., Glanz, K., & French, M. (1999). The application of staging models to the understanding of health behaviour change and the promotion of health. Psychology and Health, 14, 503-516.
Campbell, M. K., Reynolds, K. D., Havas, S., Curry, S., Bishop, D., Niklas, T., Palombo, R., Buller, D., Feldman, R., Topor, M., Johnson, M., Beresford, S. A. A., Motsinger, B. M., Morrill, C., & Heimendinger, J. (1999). Stages of change for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among adults and young adults participating in the national 5-a-Day for Better Health community studies. Health Education and Behavior, 26, 513-534.
Marcus, B. H., Emmons, K. M., Simkin-Silverman, L. R., Linnan, L. A., Taylor, E. R., Bock, B. C., Roberts, M. B., Rossi, J. S., & Abrams, D. B. (1998). Evaluation of motivationally tailored vs. standard self-help physical activity interventions at the workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 246-253.
Malotte, C. K., Jarvis, B., Fishbein, M., Kamb, K., Iatesta, M., Hoxworth, T., Zenilman, J., Bolan, G., & the Project RESPECT Study Group. (2000). Stage of change versus an integrated psychosocial theory as a basis for developing effective behaviour change interventions. AIDS Care, 12, 357-364.
3.1.2 Alternatives, issues, reviews, commentaries
Weinstein, N. D., Rothman, A. J., & Sutton, S. R. (1998). Stage theories of health behavior: Conceptual and methodological issues. Health Psychology, 17, 290-299.
Bridle, C., Riemsma, R. P., Pattenden, J., Sowden, A. J., Mather, L., Watt, I. S., & Walker, A. (2005). Systematic review of the effectiveness of health behavior interventions based on the transtheoretical model. Psychology and Health, 20, 283-301.
Adams, J., & White, M. (2005). Why don’t stage-based activity promotion interventions work? Health Education Research, 20, 237-243.
For further reading:
Brug, J., Conner, M., Harre, N., Kremers, S., McKellar, S., & Whitelaw, S. (2005). The transtheoretical model and stages of change: A Critique: Observations by five commentators on the paper by Adams, J. and White, M. (2005) Why don’t stage-based activity promotion interventions work? Health Education Research, 20, 244-258.
Povey, R., Conner, M., Sparks, P., James, R., & Shepherd, R. (1999). A critical examination of the application of the transtheoretical model’s stages of change to dietary behaviours. Health Education Research, 14, 641-652.
Rosen, C. S. (2000). Is the sequencing of change processes by stage consistent across health problems? A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 19, 593-604.
Marshall, S. J., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2001). The transtheoretical model of behavior change: A meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 229-246.
Riemsma, R. P., Pattenden, J., Bridle, C. Sowden, A. J., Mather, L., Watt, I. S., & Walker, A. (2002). A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions based on a stages-of-change approach to promote individual behaviour change. Health Technology Assessment, 6(24).
Riemsma, R. P., Pattenden, J., Bridle, C., Sowden, A. J., Mather, L., Watt, I. S. & Walker, A. (2003). Systematic review of the effectiveness of stage based interventions to promote smoking cessation. BMJ, 326, 1175-1181.
West, R. (2005). Time for a change: Putting the transtheoretical (stages of change) model to rest. Addiction, 100, 1036–1039.
Herzog, T. A. (2005). When popularity outstrips the evidence: Comment on West (2005). Addiction, 100, 1040-1041.
Etter, J.-F. (2005). Theoretical tools for the industrial era in smoking cessation counselling: A comment on West (2005). Addiction, 100, 1041-1042.
Hodgins, D. C. (2005). Weighing the pros and cons of changing change models: A comment on West (2005). Addiction, 100, 1042-1043.
Sutton, S. (2005). Another nail in the coffin of the transtheoretical model? A comment on West (2005). Addiction, 100, 1043-1046.
DiClemente, C. C. (2005). A premature obituary for the transtheoretical model: A response to West (2005). Addiction, 100, 1046-1048.
West, R. (2005). What does it take for a theory to be abandoned? The transtheoretical model of behaviour change as a test case. Addiction, 100, 1048-1050.
3.2 Protection motivation theory (PMT) and the extended parallel process model (EPPM)
3.2.1 Protection motivation theory (PMT)
3.2.1.1 PMT background
For further reading:
O’Keefe,
D. J. (2002). Message factors. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 215-240).
Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 407-429.
Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 106-143.
3.2.1.2 PMT applications
Pechmann, C., Zhao, G., Goldberg, M. E., & Reibling, E. T. (2003). What to convey in antismoking advertisements for adolescents: The use of protection motivation theory to identify effective message themes. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 1-18.
McMath, B. F., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (2005). Protection motivation theory and skin cancer risk: The role of individual differences in responses to persuasive appeals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 621-643.
For further reading:
Fry, R. B., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (2006). Effects of a psychosocial intervention on breast self-examination attitudes and behaviors. Health Education Research, 21, 287–295.
Milne, S., Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (2002). Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 163-184
Neuwirth, K., Dunwoody, S., & Griffin, R. J. (2000). Protection motivation and risk communication. Risk Analysis, 20, 721-734.
Melamed, S., Rabinowitz, S., Feiner, M., Weisberg, E., & Ribak, J. (1996). Usefulness of the protection motivation theory in explaining hearing protection use among male industrial workers. Health Psychology, 15, 209-215.
Plotnikoff, R. C., & Higginbotham, N. (1995). Predicting low-fat diet intentions and behaviors for the prevention of coronary heart disease: An application of protection motivation theory among an Australian population. Psychology and Health, 10, 397-408.
3.2.2 Extended parallel process model (EPPM)
For further reading:
Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329-349.
Witte, K. (1998). Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 423-450). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Witte, K., Meyer, G., & Martell, D. (2001). Effective health risk messages: A step-by-step guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cheah, W. H. (2006). Issue involvement, message appeal and
gonorrhea: Risk perceptions in the US, England, Malaysia and Singapore. Asian Journal of Communication, 16,
293-314.
McKay, D. L., Berkowitz, J. M., Blumberg, J. B., & Goldberg, J. P. (2004). Communicating cardiovascular disease risk due to elevated homocysteine levels: Using the EPPM to develop print materials. Health Education and Behavior, 31, 355-371.
Rimal, R. N. (2001). Perceived risk and self-efficacy as motivators: Understanding individuals’ long-term use of health information. Journal of Communication, 51, 633-654.
Moscato, S., Black, D. R., Blue, C. L., Mattson, M., Galer-Unti, R. A., & Coster, D. C. (2001). Evaluating a fear appeal message to reduce alcohol use among “Greeks.” American Journal of Health Behavior, 25, 481-491.
Morman, M. T. (2000). The influence of fear appeals, message design, and masculinity on men’s motivation to perform the testicular self-exam. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 28, 91-116.
Witte, K., Peterson, T. R., Vallabhan, S., Stephenson, M. T., Plugge, C. D., Givens, V. K., Todd, J. D., Becktold,, M. T., Hyde, M. K., & Jarrett, R. (1993). Preventing tractor-related injuries and deaths in rural populations: Using a persuasive health message framework in formative evaluation research. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 13, 219-251.
McMahan, S., Witte, K., & Meyer, J. (1998). The perception of risk messages regarding electromagnetic fields: Extending the extended parallel process model to an unknown risk. Health Communication, 10, 247-259.
Witte, K., Berkowitz, J. M., Cameron, K. A., & McKeon, J. K. (1998). Preventing the spread of genital warts: Using fear appeals to promote self-protective behaviors. Health Education and Behavior, 25, 571-585.
3.2.3 Content analyses based on PMT, EPPM, and related ideas
For further reading:
Gordon, J. (2003). Risk communication and foodborne illness: Message sponsorship and attempts to stimulate perceptions of risk. Risk Analysis, 23, 1287-1296.
Abraham, C., Krahe, B., Dominic, R., & Fritsche, I. (2002). Do health promotion messages target cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use? A content analysis of safer sex promotion leaflets in two countries. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 227-246.
Kline, K. N., & Mattson, M. (2000). Breast self-examination pamphlets: A content analysis grounded in fear appeal research. Health Communication, 12, 1-21.
Smith, S. L. (1997). The effective use of fear appeals in persuasive immunization: An analysis of national immunization intervention messages. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 25, 264-292.
Abraham, C., Southby, L., Quandte, S., Krahé, B., & van der Sluijs, W. (2007). What’s in a leaflet? Identifying research-based persuasive messages in European alcohol-education leaflets. Psychology and Health, 22, 31-60.